Golang中的常用命令

Go命令行有常用的这几个命令：

• go build 编译包和依赖
• go run 编译和运行go程序
• go install 编译并安装包和依赖
• go get 将依赖下载到当前依赖并安装

go help

对于它们之间的区别，刚刚上手的同学可能比较容易混淆，下面我们就通过思维导图的方式来看看这些命令的异同。

go build

go buildgo build <命令源码文件/.>

或生成与目录同名的可执行文件

go build

对库源码文件的操作意义就不是很大了，不管是在项目目录下还是GOPATH目录下都不会生成任何文件，只是用来检查代码是否存在编译错误。

运行go build命令时加入标记-x，这样可以看到go build命令具体都执行了哪些操作，查看具体构建过程

go build -x hello_main.go 
WORK=/var/folders/js/pmxyyt3s2693n8_dk137t8l80000gn/T/go-build580263953
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/
cat >$WORK/b001/importcfg.link << 'EOF' # internal
packagefile command-line-arguments=/Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/66/66f8de4622b8ffa394c623ca185ac616e298e56b0922df729b6a595f48eafac7-d
packagefile fmt=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/fmt.a
...
packagefile internal/race=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/internal/race.a
EOF
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/exe/
cd .
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64/link -o $WORK/b001/exe/a.out -importcfg $WORK/b001/importcfg.link -buildmode=exe -buildid=dvpJi7I5grdSogBnCMbW/lvYsRrpuUSUL86UZI79H/GF71-1TyEJxjFQJjlqbi/dvpJi7I5grdSogBnCMbW -extld=clang /Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/66/66f8de4622b8ffa394c623ca185ac616e298e56b0922df729b6a595f48eafac7-d
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64/buildid -w $WORK/b001/exe/a.out # internal
mv $WORK/b001/exe/a.out hello_main
rm -r $WORK/b001/

go run

go run-xgo buildgo runmv $WORK/b001/exe/a.out hello_main

➜  cli go run -x hello_main.go
WORK=/var/folders/js/pmxyyt3s2693n8_dk137t8l80000gn/T/go-build971127258
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/
cat >$WORK/b001/importcfg.link << 'EOF' # internal
packagefile command-line-arguments=/Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/71/719f02b57ed687b008c3f0febd1e1153726dca1999dd7c4f88adbbebfa82193c-d
packagefile fmt=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/fmt.a
...
packagefile internal/race=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/internal/race.a
EOF
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/exe/
cd .
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64/link -o $WORK/b001/exe/hello_main -importcfg $WORK/b001/importcfg.link -s -w -buildmode=exe -buildid=7eLhf19h12gDZOehA2Ps/E-LrBMzTVfVUHX0egkFE/HKms5XQlG7vZXdMiphwE/7eLhf19h12gDZOehA2Ps -extld=clang /Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/71/719f02b57ed687b008c3f0febd1e1153726dca1999dd7c4f88adbbebfa82193c-d
$WORK/b001/exe/hello_main
Hello Lissdy!

所以不能直接单独运行的库源码文件不支持该命令。

go install

go installgo buildmv $WORK/b001/exe/a.out /Users/XXX/go/bin/hello_main

➜  cli go install -x hello_main.go 
WORK=/var/folders/js/pmxyyt3s2693n8_dk137t8l80000gn/T/go-build354803648
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/
cat >$WORK/b001/importcfg.link << 'EOF' # internal
packagefile command-line-arguments=/Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/66/66f8de4622b8ffa394c623ca185ac616e298e56b0922df729b6a595f48eafac7-d
packagefile fmt=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/fmt.a
...
packagefile internal/race=/usr/local/go/pkg/darwin_amd64/internal/race.a
EOF
mkdir -p $WORK/b001/exe/
cd .
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64/link -o $WORK/b001/exe/a.out -importcfg $WORK/b001/importcfg.link -buildmode=exe -buildid=dvpJi7I5grdSogBnCMbW/lvYsRrpuUSUL86UZI79H/GF71-1TyEJxjFQJjlqbi/dvpJi7I5grdSogBnCMbW -extld=clang /Users/XXX/Library/Caches/go-build/66/66f8de4622b8ffa394c623ca185ac616e298e56b0922df729b6a595f48eafac7-d
/usr/local/go/pkg/tool/darwin_amd64/buildid -w $WORK/b001/exe/a.out # internal
mkdir -p /Users/XXX/go/bin/
mv $WORK/b001/exe/a.out /Users/XXX/go/bin/hello_main
rm -r $WORK/b001/

go install

go get

命令go get会自动从一些主流公用代码仓库（比如 GitHub）下载目标代码包，并把它们安装到环境变量GOPATH相应目录中。

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