linuxea:go匿名结构体和指针(39)

匿名结构体，顾名思义，就是没有名称的，也是只需要使用一次的。或者是函数内的，比如配置，web开发渲染模板时候使用。

3.匿名结构体

匿名结构体会在内部声明一个和当前类型相同名称的属性名。在访问的时候可以使用变量名.属性名访问

• 定义

现在，我们定义一个me的匿名结构体

    var me struct {
        ID int
        Name string
    }

    me := struct {
        ID int
        Name string
    }

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
    var me struct {
        ID int
        Name string
    }
    fmt.Printf("%T\n",me)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run nm.go
struct { ID int; Name string }
struct { ID int; Name string }{ID:0, Name:""}

3.1匿名结构体的访问和修改

变量名.属性名

    me.ID = 1
    me.Name = "mark"
    fmt.Println(me.ID,me.Name)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
func main(){
    var me struct {
        ID int
        Name string
    }
    fmt.Printf("%T\n",me)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)

    me.ID = 1
    me.Name = "mark"
    fmt.Println(me.ID,me.Name)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run nm.go
struct { ID int; Name string }
struct { ID int; Name string }{ID:0, Name:""}
1 mark
struct { ID int; Name string }{ID:1, Name:"mark"}

4.结构体的组合

一个结构体内的属性是另外一个结构体类型的，我们来了解结构体的命名嵌入。

示例1

我们在购物平台购物填写地址的时候，一般会有很多的选况，我们简单用代码设置下:.

创建一个Address，其中包含了地址的属性信息

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}

而后，创建 一个User的struct，在Addr的属性上填写上面结构体的名称Address

type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}

addr

addr := Address{Region: "上海市",Street:"徐汇区",No:"1501"}

addr

user := User{
    ID: 1,
    Name: "mark",
    Addr: addr,
}

示例2

以上面例子为例，我们可以直接在定义结构体变量的时候直接就Addr调用Address{}配置，如下：

    user := User{
        ID:1,
        Name:"mark",
        Addr:Address{
            Region: "上海市",
            Street:"徐汇区",
            No:"1501"
        }
    }

如下:

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}

func main(){
    user := User{
        ID:1,
        Name:"mark",
        Addr:Address{
            Region: "上海市",
            Street:"徐汇区",
            No:"1501",
        },
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",user)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run zh1.go
main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"1501"}}

user.Addr.Region

    fmt.Println(user.Addr.Region)
    user.Addr.Region = "北京"
    fmt.Println(user.Addr.Region)

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run zh1.go
main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"1501"}}
上海市
北京

5.结构体匿名嵌入

假设现在建立一个员工的的对象，其中包含，id,name,addr,salary，如下：

type Employee struct{
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
    Salary float64
}

但是已有的结构体如下，如下：

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}

那么这个时候，就可以在Employee结构体中组合User，命名为user，如下：

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    user User
    Salary float64
}

user User

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
}

如果使用了匿名结构体，如User，在初始化的时候就可以使用User属性进行初始化，如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
}
func main(){
    me := Employee{}
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run anonymouns.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}, Salary:0}

匿名结构体会通过类名自己创建属性

假如此刻用字面量初始化一个属性就可以 这样来初始化，如下：

    me02 := Employee{
        User: User{
            ID:1,
            Name: "mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"上海市",
                Street:"徐汇区",
                ID:10,
            },
        },
        Salary: 10023.3,
    }

亦或者如下

    me.Salary = 1.78
    me.Name = "mark"
    me.Addr.Region = "上海市"
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)

我么使用第一种方式，如下

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
}
func main(){
    me := Employee{}
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)

    me02 := Employee{
        User: User{
            ID:1,
            Name: "mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"上海市",
                Street:"徐汇区",
                No:"10501",
            },
        },
        Salary: 10023.3,
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me02)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run anonymouns1.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}, Salary:0}
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10501"}}, Salary:10023.3}

我们可以访问结构体中的某个，如下：

这里需要注意到是，使用User: User{}，那么在访问数据的时候会可以加上User,也可以不要

fmt.Println(me02.User.ID)
fmt.Println(me02.User.Addr.Region)
fmt.Println(me02.Salary)

fmt.Println(me02.Name)
fmt.Println(me02.Addr.Street)
fmt.Println(me02.Salary)

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run anonymouns1.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}, Salary:0}
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10501"}}, Salary:10023.3}
mark
上海市
10023.3
mark
徐汇区
10023.3

5.1匿名结构体属性名重复的操作

那么，现在。有这样一个问题。如下：

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
    Name string
}

以上中，在Employee中的name和User中的name，此刻如果进行访问使用的会是那个？

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
    Name string
}
func main(){
    me02 := Employee{
        User: User{
            ID:1,
            Name: "mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"上海市",
                Street:"徐汇区",
                No:"10",
            },
        },
        Salary: 10023.3,
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me02)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run ff.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10"}}, Salary:10023.3, Name:""}
me02.Name: 

me02.Name: 结果为空。

me02.Name = "sean"

    me02.Name = "sean"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Name)

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run ff.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10"}}, Salary:10023.3, Name:""}
me02.Name: 
me02.Name: sean

现在就可以访问到。

当组合中的结构体有相同属性的是，会先访问到当前结构体的属性名，如果没有就会到组合结构体或者匿名结构体中找。如果匿名结构体和当前结构体都有相同的属性名，在访问的时候就需要指定匿名结构体的具体属性名。示例如下：

为了具体示例，先给当前结构体赋值，并打印当前Employee中的Name

    me02.Name = "sean"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Name)

而后访问匿名结构体中的嵌入的属性名User下的Name

    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.User.Name)

代码块:

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
    Name string
}
func main(){
    me02 := Employee{
        User: User{
            ID:1,
            Name: "mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"上海市",
                Street:"徐汇区",
                No:"10",
            },
        },
        Salary: 10023.3,
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me02)

    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Name)
    me02.Name = "sean"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Name)
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.User.Name)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run ff.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10"}}, Salary:10023.3, Name:""}
me02.Name: 
me02.Name: sean
me02.Name: mark

me02.User.Name

示例

• 倘若在结构体的组合有重复的属性名，就需要使用全路径写法，如下

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
    Name string
}

现在就需要进行全路径才能够赋值和获取，代码块如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Salary float64
    Name string
}
func main(){
    me02 := Employee{
        User: User{
            ID:1,
            Name: "mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"上海市",
                Street:"徐汇区",
                No:"10",
                Name: "mark3",
            },
        },
        Salary: 10023.3,
        Name: "mark2",
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me02)


    me02.User.Name = "sean"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.User.Name)
    me02.Addr.Name = "sean1"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Addr.Name)
    me02.Name = "sean2"
    fmt.Println("me02.Name:",me02.Name)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run ql.go
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"徐汇区", No:"10", Name:"mark3"}}, Salary:10023.3, Name:"mark2"}
me02.Name: sean
me02.Name: sean1
me02.Name: sean2

这样似乎不太明显，在看另外一个示例

示例

嵌入的两个匿名结构体和匿名结构体中的冲突使用方式，结构体如下：

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Address
    Salary float64
    Name string
}

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    User
    Address
    Salary float64
    Name string
}
func main(){
    var me Employee
    fmt.Printf("%T,%#v\n",me,me)
    
    me.User.Name = "mark"
    me.Address.Name = "mark2"
    me.Name = "mark3"
    me.User.Addr.Name = "mark4"
    fmt.Println(me.User.Name)
    fmt.Println(me.Address.Name)
    fmt.Println(me.Name)
    fmt.Println(me.User.Addr.Name)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run q2.go
main.Employee,main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:"", Name:""}}, Address:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:"", Name:""}, Salary:0, Name:""}
mark
mark2
mark3
mark4
main.Employee{User:main.User{ID:0, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:"", Name:"mark4"}}, Address:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:"", Name:"mark2"}, Salary:0, Name:"mark3"}

6.结构体指针

6.1 结构体指针命名嵌入

如下，在User中命名嵌入了Address，但是使用的是指针类型的嵌入

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr *Address
}

如果是指针类型，那么User的零值就是nil

func main(){
    var mm User
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",mm)
}

初始化与其他方式一样，不通的是在Address上需要使用指针方式

    mm = User{
        ID:1,
        Name: "mark",
        Addr:&Address{
            Region: "上海市",
            Street:"淞虹路",
            No:"12362",
            Name:"MarkSugar",
        },
    }

    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",)

代码块如下：

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# cat proint.go
package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
    Name string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr *Address
}
func main(){
    var mm User
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",mm)
    mm = User{
        ID:1,
        Name: "mark",
        Addr:&Address{
            Region: "上海市",
            Street:"淞虹路",
            No:"12362",
            Name:"MarkSugar",
        },
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",mm)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run proint.go 
main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:(*main.Address)(nil)}
main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:(*main.Address)(0xc000084040)}

6.2.结构体指针匿名嵌入

当在结构体嵌入的时候，直接使用的是指针类型的，就没有属性名了

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    *User
    Salary float64
}

如下：

func main(){
    var me Employee
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
    me = Employee{
        Salary: 1.5,
        User: &User{
            ID:1,
            Name:"mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"北京市",
                Street:"望京",
            },
        },
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
type Employee struct{
    *User
    Salary float64
}
func main(){
    var me Employee
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
    me = Employee{
        Salary: 1.5,
        User: &User{
            ID:1,
            Name:"mark",
            Addr:Address{
                Region:"北京市",
                Street:"望京",
            },
        },
    }
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
    fmt.Println(me.User.Name)
    fmt.Println(me.User.Addr)
    fmt.Println(me.User.Addr.Region)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run nmqr.go
main.Employee{User:(*main.User)(nil), Salary:0}
main.Employee{User:(*main.User)(0xc00008e000), Salary:1.5}
mark
{北京市 望京 }
北京市

• 值类型和引用类型

值类型是不会变，引用类型

如下：

和此前值类型一样，me赋值 后，然后赋值到me2，而后修改me2，并没有影响到me值，同样change修改了u.Name，也对me2没有影响

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
func change(u User){
    u.Name = "abc"
}
func main(){
    me := User{}
    me2 := me
    me2.Name = "mark"

    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2)

    change(me2)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run z.go
main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}
main.User{ID:0, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}
main.User{ID:0, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}

如果此时传递的是地址进去，就会发生改变，如下：

func changepoint(u *User){
    u.Name = "sean"
}

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr Address
}
func change(u User){
    u.Name = "abc"
}
func changepoint(u *User){
    u.Name = "sean"
}
func main(){
    me := User{}
    me2 := me
    me2.Name = "mark"

    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2)

    change(me2)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2)

    changepoint(&me2)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run z.go
main.User{ID:0, Name:"", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}
main.User{ID:0, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}
main.User{ID:0, Name:"mark", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}
main.User{ID:0, Name:"sean", Addr:main.Address{Region:"", Street:"", No:""}}

如果此时Address是指针类型，那么结果就不一样了

type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr *Address
}

me2.Addr.Region = "上海市"

func main(){
    me := User{
        ID:1,
        Name:"mark",
        Addr:&Address{
            Region:"北京",
            Street:"大同",
            No:"1",
        },
    }
    me2 := me
    me2.Name = "mark"
    me2.Addr.Region = "上海市"

    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me.Addr)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2.Addr)
}

如下

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr *Address
}
func main(){
    me := User{
        ID:1,
        Name:"mark",
        Addr:&Address{
            Region:"北京",
            Street:"大同",
            No:"1",
        },
    }
    me2 := me
    me2.Name = "mark"
    me2.Addr.Region = "上海市"

    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me.Addr)
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me2.Addr)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run zz.go
&main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"大同", No:"1"}
&main.Address{Region:"上海市", Street:"大同", No:"1"}

结果可见指针已经修改了

6.3New函数

对于结构体，我们可以尝试使用new函数来创建，这样别人就可以通过调用函数的方式来返回一个对象。

func NewUser(id int,name string,region,street,no string)User{
    return User{
        ID:id,
        Name:name,
        Addr: &Address{region,street,no},
    }
}

在main中调用即可

func main(){
    NewUser(1,"mark","上海市","淞虹路","100")
}

如下：

package main
import "fmt"
type Address struct {
    Region string
    Street string
    No       string
}
type User struct {
    ID int
    Name string
    Addr *Address
}
func NewUser(id int,name string,region,street,no string)User{
    return User{
        ID:id,
        Name:name,
        Addr: &Address{region,street,no},
    }
}
func main(){
    me := NewUser(1,"mark","上海市","淞虹路","100")
    fmt.Printf("%#v\n",me)
}

运行

[root@linuxea.com /opt/Golang/work5]# go run z1.go
main.User{ID:1, Name:"mark", Addr:(*main.Address)(0xc000062150)}

7.结构体可见性

结构体首先字母大写则包外可见，否则仅包内可访问。结构体属性名首字母大写包外可见，否则仅包内可访问。

总结：结构体和属性名首字母大写才能包外访问。否则就不能够在包外访问。