前言

Go，又称Golang，是谷歌在21世纪开发的一种新的编程语言，它静态强类型、从语言层面支持并发（Goroutine）、支持垃圾回收GC。

Go语言有一些笔者很喜欢的特点，譬如跨平台、交叉编译（在某个环境中编译其他平台的程序）、支持并发、语言上做“减法”精简关键字、直接静态编译成单个二进制可执行文件（告别缺少vcruntime.dll的痛苦）。

{}

Wails的思路是使用Web端的技术（html/css/js）作为前端，可以使用js框架如vue和react，后端使用Go语言，前后端交互通过go与js绑定某种方法实现，如此前端便可使用各种成熟的框架，似乎学习web端的技术、Go语言、另一个网页后端的Go语言框架（如Gin）即可打通全栈，想法是好，但是还得一步步学习。

体积较小、功能齐全
hello-world.exe

接下来笔者会把整个学习的过程记录下来，目前只有wails的官网可以提供较好的文档，其中也会涉及纯Golang的知识点，因为笔者也在Go语言学习初期。

环境搭建

折腾了很久，最后决定在虚拟机中使用Win10企业版LTS搭建Go+wails的环境，装MacOS出现了兼容问题，linux中也有一些难处、需要大量的时间深入了解linux，故当下选择win10。

有钱了也组台黑苹果吧，windows最大的问题是它不够优雅。

安装Go

下载对应安装包并安装。下载地址

安装Node

下载安装，如此便有了npm。下载地址

再用如下命令安装cnpm，国内使用的速度提升很大。

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n19" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">npm install -g cnpm --registry=https://registry.npm.taobao.org</pre>

如有其它web端的依赖请自行安装。

安装GCC库

Windows下需要安装GCC库用来编译。下载地址

安装Git Bash

可能会用到Git操作Push/Clone，建议安装。下载地址

安装Docker

官方文档似乎提到Docker在wails交叉编译时会用到。下载地址

安装IDE

这里推荐两个IDE/编辑器：微软的VSCode 和 jetbrains的Goland。

各有优劣，这里笔者用的是Goland，学生使用教育邮箱可白嫖，开源项目也可申请。

IDE的配置略过，注意VSCode可以安装sync插件，把所有配置同步到github gist上，之后到任意机器上安装sync插件粘贴一串代码、登录github即可同步所有插件设置。

设置Goproxy

按照Goproxy官网的说明设置代理：

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n68" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">go env -w GO111MODULE=on
go env -w GOPROXY=https://goproxy.cn,direct</pre>

其他（非必须）

MactypeNoMeiryoUI

Go语言项目文件结构

GOPATH下共有三个文件夹：bin、pkg、src

  • bin存放编译好的程序

  • pkg存放编译后生成的各种文件和各种包（代码中import的外部包）

  • src存放源代码

一般需要配置GOROOT、GOPATH、GOBIN的环境变量，不过用Goland似乎可以懒一点，因为是虚拟机所以全默认很方便，src文件夹直接发送到桌面快捷方式。

测试纯Go语言

testsrc/test/main.go

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n47" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">package main
​
import(
"fmt"
)
​
func main() {
fmt.Println("Hello World!")
}</pre>

src/test/go run main.go
go build main.gomain.exe

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n50" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src\test>main.exe
That's Good!</pre>

运行第一个Wails程序

在终端中输入wails，配置一下名字和邮箱。

wails init

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n55" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src>wails init
Wails v1.7.1 - Initialising project
​
The name of the project (My Project): tutorial
Project Name: tutorial
The output binary name (tutorial):
Output binary Name: tutorial
Project directory name (tutorial): tutorial
Project Directory: tutorial
Please select a template:
1: Angular - Angular 8 template (Requires node 10.8+)
2: React JS - Create React App v3 template
3: Vanilla - A Vanilla HTML/JS template
4: Vue2/Webpack Basic - A basic Vue2/WebPack4 template
5: Vuetify1.5/Webpack Basic - A basic Vuetify1.5/Webpack4 template
6: Vuetify2/Webpack Basic - A basic Vuetify2/Webpack4 template
Please choose an option [1]: 4
Template: Vue2/Webpack Basic

Generating project...
Building project (this may take a while)...
Project 'tutorial' built in directory 'tutorial'!</pre>

项目结构如下图：

appicon.png

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n59" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src\tutorial>wails -help

| | / /___ () /____
| | /| / / __ `/ / / /
| |/ |/ / // / / ( ) v1.7.1
|/|/_,///____/ https://wails.app
The lightweight framework for web-like apps
​
Available commands:
​
setup Setup the Wails environment [default]
migrate Migrate projects to latest Wails release
init Initialises a new Wails project
build Builds your Wails project
serve Run your Wails project in bridge mode
update Update to newer [pre]releases or specific versions
issue Generates an issue in Github
​
Flags:
​
-help
Get help on the 'wails' command.
​</pre>

wails buildbuildwails serve

<pre spellcheck="false" class="md-fences md-end-block ty-contain-cm modeLoaded" lang="" cid="n61" mdtype="fences" style="box-sizing: border-box; overflow: visible; font-family: var(--monospace); font-size: 0.9em; display: block; break-inside: avoid; text-align: left; white-space: normal; background-image: inherit; background-position: inherit; background-size: inherit; background-repeat: inherit; background-attachment: inherit; background-origin: inherit; background-clip: inherit; background-color: rgb(248, 248, 248); position: relative !important; border: 1px solid rgb(231, 234, 237); border-radius: 3px; padding: 8px 4px 6px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 15px; width: inherit; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial;">C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src\tutorial>wails build
Wails v1.7.1 - Building Application
​

Skipped frontend dependencies (-f to force rebuild)
Building frontend...
Ensuring Dependencies are up to date...
Packing + Compiling project...
Awesome! Project 'tutorial' built!
​
C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src\tutorial>cd build
​
C:\Users\Purp1e\go\src\tutorial\build>tutorial.exe</pre>

运行结果如图：