简介
testing
单元测试
M/D/C/L/X/V/I
I=1II=2III=3I/X/C/MIIIIVIIVVIIIIIXV/L/DVVX
// roman.go
package roman
import (
"bytes"
"errors"
"regexp"
)
type romanNumPair struct {
Roman string
Num int
}
var (
romanNumParis []romanNumPair
romanRegex *regexp.Regexp
)
var (
ErrOutOfRange = errors.New("out of range")
ErrInvalidRoman = errors.New("invalid roman")
)
func init() {
romanNumParis = []romanNumPair{
{"M", 1000},
{"CM", 900},
{"D", 500},
{"CD", 400},
{"C", 100},
{"XC", 90},
{"L", 50},
{"XL", 40},
{"X", 10},
{"IX", 9},
{"V", 5},
{"IV", 4},
{"I", 1},
}
romanRegex = regexp.MustCompile(`^M{0,3}(CM|CD|D?C{0,3})(XC|XL|L?X{0,3})(IX|IV|V?I{0,3})$`)
}
func ToRoman(n int) (string, error) {
if n <= 0 || n >= 4000 {
return "", ErrOutOfRange
}
var buf bytes.Buffer
for _, pair := range romanNumParis {
for n > pair.Num {
buf.WriteString(pair.Roman)
n -= pair.Num
}
}
return buf.String(), nil
}
func FromRoman(roman string) (int, error) {
if !romanRegex.MatchString(roman) {
return 0, ErrInvalidRoman
}
var result int
var index int
for _, pair := range romanNumParis {
for roman[index:index+len(pair.Roman)] == pair.Roman {
result += pair.Num
index += len(pair.Roman)
}
}
return result, nil
}
_test.goTestXxxxXxxx*testing.T
// roman_test.go
package roman
import (
"testing"
)
func TestToRoman(t *testing.T) {
_, err1 := ToRoman(0)
if err1 != ErrOutOfRange {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(0) expect error:%v got:%v", ErrOutOfRange, err1)
}
roman2, err2 := ToRoman(1)
if err2 != nil {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(1) expect nil error, got:%v", err2)
}
if roman2 != "I" {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(1) expect:%s got:%s", "I", roman2)
}
}
testing.TErrorf()
go test
$ go test
--- FAIL: TestToRoman (0.00s)
roman_test.go:18: ToRoman(1) expect:I got:
FAIL
exit status 1
FAIL github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing 0.172s
ToRoman()n > pair.Num>>=
$ go test
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing 0.178s
这次测试都通过了!
go test-v
$ go test -v
=== RUN TestToRoman
--- PASS: TestToRoman (0.00s)
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing 0.174s
=== RUN--- PASS--- FAIL
表格驱动测试
在上面的例子中,我们实际上只测试了两种情况,0 和 1。按照这种方式将每种情况都写出来就太繁琐了,Go 中流行使用表格的方式将各个测试数据和结果列举出来:
func TestToRoman(t *testing.T) {
testCases := []struct {
num int
expect string
err error
}{
{0, "", ErrOutOfRange},
{1, "I", nil},
{2, "II", nil},
{3, "III", nil},
{4, "IV", nil},
{5, "V", nil},
{6, "VI", nil},
{7, "VII", nil},
{8, "VIII", nil},
{9, "IX", nil},
{10, "X", nil},
{50, "L", nil},
{100, "C", nil},
{500, "D", nil},
{1000, "M", nil},
{31, "XXXI", nil},
{148, "CXLVIII", nil},
{294, "CCXCIV", nil},
{312, "CCCXII", nil},
{421, "CDXXI", nil},
{528, "DXXVIII", nil},
{621, "DCXXI", nil},
{782, "DCCLXXXII", nil},
{870, "DCCCLXX", nil},
{941, "CMXLI", nil},
{1043, "MXLIII", nil},
{1110, "MCX", nil},
{1226, "MCCXXVI", nil},
{1301, "MCCCI", nil},
{1485, "MCDLXXXV", nil},
{1509, "MDIX", nil},
{1607, "MDCVII", nil},
{1754, "MDCCLIV", nil},
{1832, "MDCCCXXXII", nil},
{1993, "MCMXCIII", nil},
{2074, "MMLXXIV", nil},
{2152, "MMCLII", nil},
{2212, "MMCCXII", nil},
{2343, "MMCCCXLIII", nil},
{2499, "MMCDXCIX", nil},
{2574, "MMDLXXIV", nil},
{2646, "MMDCXLVI", nil},
{2723, "MMDCCXXIII", nil},
{2892, "MMDCCCXCII", nil},
{2975, "MMCMLXXV", nil},
{3051, "MMMLI", nil},
{3185, "MMMCLXXXV", nil},
{3250, "MMMCCL", nil},
{3313, "MMMCCCXIII", nil},
{3408, "MMMCDVIII", nil},
{3501, "MMMDI", nil},
{3610, "MMMDCX", nil},
{3743, "MMMDCCXLIII", nil},
{3844, "MMMDCCCXLIV", nil},
{3888, "MMMDCCCLXXXVIII", nil},
{3940, "MMMCMXL", nil},
{3999, "MMMCMXCIX", nil},
{4000, "", ErrOutOfRange},
}
for _, testCase := range testCases {
got, err := ToRoman(testCase.num)
if got != testCase.expect {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(%d) expect:%s got:%s", testCase.num, testCase.expect, got)
}
if err != testCase.err {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(%d) expect error:%v got:%v", testCase.num, testCase.err, err)
}
}
}
ToRoman()
分组和并行
ToRoman()
toRomanCase
type toRomanCase struct {
num int
expect string
err error
}
将所有的测试数据划分到 3 个组中:
var (
toRomanInvalidCases []toRomanCase
toRomanSingleCases []toRomanCase
toRomanNormalCases []toRomanCase
)
func init() {
toRomanInvalidCases = []toRomanCase{
{0, "", roman.ErrOutOfRange},
{4000, "", roman.ErrOutOfRange},
}
toRomanSingleCases = []toRomanCase{
{1, "I", nil},
{5, "V", nil},
// ...
}
toRomanNormalCases = []toRomanCase{
{2, "II", nil},
{3, "III", nil},
// ...
}
}
toRomanCase
func testToRomanCases(cases []toRomanCase, t *testing.T) {
for _, testCase := range cases {
got, err := roman.ToRoman(testCase.num)
if got != testCase.expect {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(%d) expect:%s got:%s", testCase.num, testCase.expect, got)
}
if err != testCase.err {
t.Errorf("ToRoman(%d) expect error:%v got:%v", testCase.num, testCase.err, err)
}
}
}
为每个分组定义一个测试函数:
func testToRomanInvalid(t *testing.T) {
testToRomanCases(toRomanInvalidCases, t)
}
func testToRomanSingle(t *testing.T) {
testToRomanCases(toRomanSingleCases, t)
}
func testToRomanNormal(t *testing.T) {
testToRomanCases(toRomanNormalCases, t)
}
t.Run()t.Run()
func TestToRoman(t *testing.T) {
t.Run("Invalid", testToRomanInvalid)
t.Run("Single", testToRomanSingle)
t.Run("Normal", testToRomanNormal)
}
运行:
$ go test -v
=== RUN TestToRoman
=== RUN TestToRoman/Invalid
=== RUN TestToRoman/Single
=== RUN TestToRoman/Normal
--- PASS: TestToRoman (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Invalid (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Single (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Normal (0.00s)
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing 0.188s
t.Run()TestToRoman/Invalid
testToRomanInvalid/testToRomanSingle/testToRomanNormalt.Parallel()testToRomanCasestestToRomanCases
func testToRomanCases(cases []toRomanCase, t *testing.T) {
t.Parallel()
// ...
}
运行:
$ go test -v
...
--- PASS: TestToRoman (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Invalid (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Normal (0.00s)
--- PASS: TestToRoman/Single (0.00s)
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing 0.182s
我们发现测试完成的顺序并不是我们指定的顺序。
roman_test.goroman_testimport "github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing/roman"net/httpnet/urlurlnet/httpnet/urlurl_test(net/url)net/httpnet/urlurl_test
主测试函数
TestMain()*testing.Mgo testgo testTestMain()TestMain()m.Run()TestMain()
func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
os.Exit(m.Run())
}
TestMain()go test
func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
flag.Parse()
flag.VisitAll(func(f *flag.Flag) {
fmt.Printf("name:%s usage:%s value:%v\n", f.Name, f.Usage, f.Value)
})
os.Exit(m.Run())
}
运行:
$ go test -v
name:test.bench usage:run only benchmarks matching `regexp` value:
name:test.benchmem usage:print memory allocations for benchmarks value:false
name:test.benchtime usage:run each benchmark for duration `d` value:1s
name:test.blockprofile usage:write a goroutine blocking profile to `file` value:
name:test.blockprofilerate usage:set blocking profile `rate` (see runtime.SetBlockProfileRate) value:1
name:test.count usage:run tests and benchmarks `n` times value:1
name:test.coverprofile usage:write a coverage profile to `file` value:
name:test.cpu usage:comma-separated `list` of cpu counts to run each test with value:
name:test.cpuprofile usage:write a cpu profile to `file` value:
name:test.failfast usage:do not start new tests after the first test failure value:false
name:test.list usage:list tests, examples, and benchmarks matching `regexp` then exit value:
name:test.memprofile usage:write an allocation profile to `file` value:
name:test.memprofilerate usage:set memory allocation profiling `rate` (see runtime.MemProfileRate) value:0
name:test.mutexprofile usage:write a mutex contention profile to the named file after execution value:
name:test.mutexprofilefraction usage:if >= 0, calls runtime.SetMutexProfileFraction() value:1
name:test.outputdir usage:write profiles to `dir` value:
name:test.paniconexit0 usage:panic on call to os.Exit(0) value:true
name:test.parallel usage:run at most `n` tests in parallel value:8
name:test.run usage:run only tests and examples matching `regexp` value:
name:test.short usage:run smaller test suite to save time value:false
name:test.testlogfile usage:write test action log to `file` (for use only by cmd/go) value:
name:test.timeout usage:panic test binary after duration `d` (default 0, timeout disabled) value:10m0s
name:test.trace usage:write an execution trace to `file` value:
name:test.v usage:verbose: print additional output value:tru
go help testflag
其他
FromRoman()
性能测试
_test.goBenchmarkXxxx*testing.B
第一种方式:递归
func Fib1(n int) int {
if n <= 1 {
return n
}
return Fib1(n-1) + Fib1(n-2)
}
第二种方式:备忘录
func fibHelper(n int, m map[int]int) int {
if n <= 1 {
return n
}
if v, ok := m[n]; ok {
return v
}
v := fibHelper(n-2, m) + fibHelper(n-1, m)
m[n] = v
return v
}
func Fib2(n int) int {
m := make(map[int]int)
return fibHelper(n, m)
}
第三种方式:迭代
func Fib3(n int) int {
if n <= 1 {
return n
}
f1, f2 := 0, 1
for i := 2; i <= n; i++ {
f1, f2 = f2, f1+f2
}
return f2
}
下面我们来测试这 3 个函数的执行效率:
// fib_test.go
func BenchmarkFib1(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
Fib1(20)
}
}
func BenchmarkFib2(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
Fib2(20)
}
}
func BenchmarkFib3(b *testing.B) {
for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
Fib3(20)
}
}
Ngo test
$ go test -bench=.
goos: windows
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing/fib
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700 CPU @ 3.60GHz
BenchmarkFib1-8 31110 39144 ns/op
BenchmarkFib2-8 582637 3127 ns/op
BenchmarkFib3-8 191600582 5.588 ns/op
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing/fib 5.225s
-bench=.-bench.FibFib
Fib1Fib2Fib3
其他选项
有一些选项可以控制性能测试的执行。
-benchtime
$ go test -bench=. -benchtime=30s
$ go test -bench=. -benchtime=30s
goos: windows
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing/fib
cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-7700 CPU @ 3.60GHz
BenchmarkFib1-8 956464 38756 ns/op
BenchmarkFib2-8 17862495 2306 ns/op
BenchmarkFib3-8 1000000000 5.591 ns/op
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib/testing/fib 113.498s
-benchmem
-memprofile file
-cpuprofile filego tool pprof
运行:
$ go test -bench=. -benchtime=10s -cpuprofile=./cpu.prof -memprofile=./mem.prof
goos: windows
goarch: amd64
pkg: github.com/darjun/fib
BenchmarkFib1-16 356006 33423 ns/op
BenchmarkFib2-16 8958194 1340 ns/op
BenchmarkFib3-16 1000000000 6.60 ns/op
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/fib 33.321s
go tool pprof
$ go tool pprof ./cpu.prof
Type: cpu
Time: Aug 4, 2021 at 10:21am (CST)
Duration: 32.48s, Total samples = 36.64s (112.81%)
Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)
(pprof) top10
Showing nodes accounting for 29640ms, 80.90% of 36640ms total
Dropped 153 nodes (cum <= 183.20ms)
Showing top 10 nodes out of 74
flat flat% sum% cum cum%
11610ms 31.69% 31.69% 11620ms 31.71% github.com/darjun/fib.Fib1
6490ms 17.71% 49.40% 6680ms 18.23% github.com/darjun/fib.Fib3
2550ms 6.96% 56.36% 8740ms 23.85% runtime.mapassign_fast64
2050ms 5.59% 61.95% 2060ms 5.62% runtime.stdcall2
1620ms 4.42% 66.38% 2140ms 5.84% runtime.mapaccess2_fast64
1480ms 4.04% 70.41% 12350ms 33.71% github.com/darjun/fib.fibHelper
1480ms 4.04% 74.45% 2960ms 8.08% runtime.evacuate_fast64
1050ms 2.87% 77.32% 1050ms 2.87% runtime.memhash64
760ms 2.07% 79.39% 760ms 2.07% runtime.stdcall7
550ms 1.50% 80.90% 7230ms 19.73% github.com/darjun/fib.BenchmarkFib3
(pprof)
内存:
$ go tool pprof ./mem.prof
Type: alloc_space
Time: Aug 4, 2021 at 10:30am (CST)
Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)
(pprof) top10
Showing nodes accounting for 8.69GB, 100% of 8.69GB total
Dropped 12 nodes (cum <= 0.04GB)
flat flat% sum% cum cum%
8.69GB 100% 100% 8.69GB 100% github.com/darjun/fib.fibHelper
0 0% 100% 8.69GB 100% github.com/darjun/fib.BenchmarkFib2
0 0% 100% 8.69GB 100% github.com/darjun/fib.Fib2 (inline)
0 0% 100% 8.69GB 100% testing.(*B).launch
0 0% 100% 8.69GB 100% testing.(*B).runN
(pprof)
示例测试
_test.goExampleXxxExample*go testnet/url/example_test.gourl.Values
func ExampleValuesGet() {
v := url.Values{}
v.Set("name", "Ava")
v.Add("friend", "Jess")
v.Add("friend", "Sarah")
v.Add("friend", "Zoe")
fmt.Println(v.Get("name"))
fmt.Println(v.Get("friend"))
fmt.Println(v["friend"])
// Output:
// Ava
// Jess
// [Jess Sarah Zoe]
}
Output:go test
Unordered Outputurl.Valuesmap[string][]string
func ExampleValuesAll() {
v := url.Values{}
v.Set("name", "Ava")
v.Add("friend", "Jess")
v.Add("friend", "Sarah")
v.Add("friend", "Zoe")
for key, values := range v {
fmt.Println(key, values)
}
// Unordered Output:
// name [Ava]
// friend [Jess Sarah Zoe]
}
运行:
$ go test -v
$ go test -v
=== RUN ExampleValuesGet
--- PASS: ExampleValuesGet (0.00s)
=== RUN ExampleValuesAll
--- PASS: ExampleValuesAll (0.00s)
PASS
ok github.com/darjun/url 0.172s
Output/Unordered Output
总结
本文介绍了 Go 中的 3 种测试:单元测试,性能测试和示例测试。为了让程序更可靠,让以后的重构更安全、更放心,单元测试必不可少。排查程序中的性能问题,性能测试能派上大用场。示例测试主要是为了演示如何使用某个功能。
大家如果发现好玩、好用的 Go 语言库,欢迎到 Go 每日一库 GitHub 上提交 issue????
参考
testing 官方文档: https://golang.google.cn/pkg/testing/
Go 每日一库 GitHub:https://github.com/darjun/go-daily-lib
我
我的博客:https://darjun.github.io
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