context
goroutinegoroutinegoroutinegoroutinegoroutine
go1.6golang.org/x/net/contextgo1.7context
Context 原理
WithCancelWithDeadlineWithTimeoutWithValue
context.WithXXXgo vet
遵循规则
遵循以下规则,以保持包之间的接口一致,并启用静态分析工具以检查上下文传播。
contextctxfunc DoSomething(ctx context.Context,arg Arg)error { // ... use ctx ... }nilcontext.TODO()goroutine
Context 包
Context 结构体。
// A Context carries a deadline, cancelation signal, and request-scoped values
// across API boundaries. Its methods are safe for simultaneous use by multiple
// goroutines.
type Context interface {
// Done returns a channel that is closed when this Context is canceled
// or times out.
Done() <-chan struct{}
// Err indicates why this context was canceled, after the Done channel
// is closed.
Err() error
// Deadline returns the time when this Context will be canceled, if any.
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)
// Value returns the value associated with key or nil if none.
Value(key interface{}) interface{}
}
- Done(),返回一个channel。当times out或者调用cancel方法时,将会close掉。
- Err(),返回一个错误。该context为什么被取消掉。
- Deadline(),返回截止时间和ok。
- Value(),返回值。
所有方法
func Background() Context
func TODO() Context
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc)
func WithDeadline(parent Context, deadline time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc)
func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc)
func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context
上面可以看到Context是一个接口,想要使用就得实现其方法。在context包内部已经为我们实现好了两个空的Context,可以通过调用Background()和TODO()方法获取。一般的将它们作为Context的根,往下派生。
WithCancel 例子
WithCancel 以一个新的 Done channel 返回一个父 Context 的拷贝。
229 func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc) {
230 c := newCancelCtx(parent)
231 propagateCancel(parent, &c)
232 return &c, func() { c.cancel(true, Canceled) }
233 }
234
235 // newCancelCtx returns an initialized cancelCtx.
236 func newCancelCtx(parent Context) cancelCtx {
237 return cancelCtx{
238 Context: parent,
239 done: make(chan struct{}),
240 }
241 }
此示例演示使用一个可取消的上下文,以防止 goroutine 泄漏。示例函数结束时,defer 调用 cancel 方法,gen goroutine 将返回而不泄漏。
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
// gen generates integers in a separate goroutine and
// sends them to the returned channel.
// The callers of gen need to cancel the context once
// they are done consuming generated integers not to leak
// the internal goroutine started by gen.
gen := func(ctx context.Context) <-chan int {
dst := make(chan int)
n := 1
go func() {
for {
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
return // returning not to leak the goroutine
case dst <- n:
n++
}
}
}()
return dst
}
ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
defer cancel() // cancel when we are finished consuming integers
for n := range gen(ctx) {
fmt.Println(n)
if n == 5 {
break
}
}
}
WithDeadline 例子
369 func WithDeadline(parent Context, deadline time.Time) (Context, CancelFunc) {
370 if cur, ok := parent.Deadline(); ok && cur.Before(deadline) {
371 // The current deadline is already sooner than the new one.
372 return WithCancel(parent)
373 }
374 c := &timerCtx{
375 cancelCtx: newCancelCtx(parent),
376 deadline: deadline,
377 }
......
可以清晰的看到,当派生出的子 Context 的deadline在父Context之后,直接返回了一个父Context的拷贝。故语义上等效为父。
WithDeadline 的最后期限调整为不晚于 d 返回父上下文的副本。如果父母的截止日期已经早于 d,WithDeadline (父,d) 是在语义上等效为父。返回的上下文完成的通道关闭的最后期限期满后,返回的取消函数调用时,或当父上下文完成的通道关闭,以先发生者为准。
看看官方例子:
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
d := time.Now().Add(50 * time.Millisecond)
ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), d)
// Even though ctx will be expired, it is good practice to call its
// cancelation function in any case. Failure to do so may keep the
// context and its parent alive longer than necessary.
defer cancel()
select {
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("overslept")
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println(ctx.Err())
}
}
WithTimeout 例子
WithTimeout 返回 WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout))。
436 func WithTimeout(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc) {
437 return WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout))
438 }
看看官方例子:
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"time"
)
func main() {
// Pass a context with a timeout to tell a blocking function that it
// should abandon its work after the timeout elapses.
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 50*time.Millisecond)
defer cancel()
select {
case <-time.After(1 * time.Second):
fmt.Println("overslept")
case <-ctx.Done():
fmt.Println(ctx.Err()) // prints "context deadline exceeded"
}
}
WithValue 例子
454 func WithValue(parent Context, key, val interface{}) Context {
454 if key == nil {
455 panic("nil key")
456 }
457 if !reflect.TypeOf(key).Comparable() {
458 panic("key is not comparable")
459 }
460 return &valueCtx{parent, key, val}
461 }
WithValue 返回的父与键关联的值在 val 的副本。
使用上下文值仅为过渡进程和 Api 的请求范围的数据,而不是将可选参数传递给函数。
提供的键必须是可比性和应该不是字符串类型或任何其他内置的类型以避免包使用的上下文之间的碰撞。WithValue 用户应该定义自己的键的类型。为了避免分配分配给接口 {} 时,上下文键经常有具体类型结构 {}。另外,导出的上下文关键变量静态类型应该是一个指针或接口。
看看官方例子:
package main
import (
"context"
"fmt"
)
func main() {
type favContextKey string
f := func(ctx context.Context, k favContextKey) {
if v := ctx.Value(k); v != nil {
fmt.Println("found value:", v)
return
}
fmt.Println("key not found:", k)
}
k := favContextKey("language")
ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), k, "Go")
f(ctx, k)
f(ctx, favContextKey("color"))
}
参考连接
[1] https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000006744213
[2] http://www.01happy.com/golang-context-reading/