Golang 中间件简介 MiddleWare

今天学习了一个之前虽然听过，但是从来没搞懂的概念 — 中间件。这个概念在服务端开发中经常会用到，大的公司也会有专门的团队来做中间件开发，用来提高应用层的开发效率。在 Web 开发中，中间件也就是在请求流程中新增了一层，添加一些额外的功能，比如验证 Token，记录日志等等。一个优秀的中间件能做到可插拔，自我约束，无须重写代码。

在 Go 语言中，实现一个中间件也非常简单，其原理和 Python 中的装饰器非常类似。比如我们想实现一个中间件，用来统计每个接口调用的次数：

package middleware

import (
	"fmt"
	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
)

func RequestMiddleWare() gin.HandlerFunc {
	return func(c *gin.Context) {
		path := c.Request.URL.Path
		fmt.Println(string(path))
		c.Next()
	}
}

RequestMiddleWare

除此之外，如果希望在请求结束后还可以做一些操作，可以把相关逻辑放到 c.Next() 之后，当请求结束之后，还会返回来再把中间件中剩余的逻辑执行完毕。也就相当于：

before middleware
    c.Next()
after middleware

中间件是一种计算机软件，可为操作系统提供的软件应用程序提供服务，以便于各个软件之间的沟通，特别是系统软件和应用软件。广泛用于web应用和面向服务的体系结构等。

纵观GO语言，中间件应用比较普遍，主要应用：

• 记录对服务器发送的请求（request）
• 处理服务器响应（response ）
• 请求和处理之间做一个权限认证工作
• 远程调用
• 安全
• 等等

http.Handlerhttp.Handler

下面是一些中间件例子

记录日志中间件

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
)

func logging(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {
   return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
      log.Println(r.URL.Path)
      f(w, r)
   }
}
func foo(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "foo")
}

func bar(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "bar")
}

func main() {
   http.HandleFunc("/foo", logging(foo))
   http.HandleFunc("/bar", logging(bar))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

访问 http://localhost:8080/foo

返回结果

foo

将上面示例修改下，也可以实现相同的功能

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
)

func foo(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "foo")
}
func bar(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "bar")
}

func loggingMiddleware(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
   return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
      log.Println(r.URL.Path)
      next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
   })
}

func main() {

   http.Handle("/foo", loggingMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(foo)))
   http.Handle("/bar", loggingMiddleware(http.HandlerFunc(bar)))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

访问 http://localhost:8080/foo

返回结果

foo

多中间件例子

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
   "time"
)

type Middleware func(http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc

// Logging logs all requests with its path and the time it took to process
func Logging() Middleware {

   // Create a new Middleware
   return func(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {

      // Define the http.HandlerFunc
      return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

         // Do middleware things
         start := time.Now()
         defer func() { log.Println(r.URL.Path, time.Since(start)) }()

         // Call the next middleware/handler in chain
         f(w, r)
      }
   }
}

// Method ensures that url can only be requested with a specific method, else returns a 400 Bad Request
func Method(m string) Middleware {

   // Create a new Middleware
   return func(f http.HandlerFunc) http.HandlerFunc {

      // Define the http.HandlerFunc
      return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {

         // Do middleware things
         if r.Method != m {
            http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
            return
         }

         // Call the next middleware/handler in chain
         f(w, r)
      }
   }
}

// Chain applies middlewares to a http.HandlerFunc
func Chain(f http.HandlerFunc, middlewares ...Middleware) http.HandlerFunc {
   for _, m := range middlewares {
      f = m(f)
   }
   return f
}

func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "hello world")
}

func main() {
   http.HandleFunc("/", Chain(Hello, Method("GET"), Logging()))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

http.HandlerFunchttp.HandlerFuncMiddleware

当然我们也可以改成如下形式

package main

import (
   "fmt"
   "log"
   "net/http"
   "time"
)

type Middleware func(http.Handler) http.Handler

func Hello(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
   fmt.Fprintln(w, "hello world")
}

func Chain(f http.Handler, mmap ...Middleware) http.Handler {
   for _, m := range mmap {
      f = m(f)
   }
   return f
}
func Method(m string) Middleware {
   return func(f http.Handler) http.Handler {
      return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
         log.Println(r.URL.Path)
         if r.Method != m {
            http.Error(w, http.StatusText(http.StatusBadRequest), http.StatusBadRequest)
            return
         }
         f.ServeHTTP(w, r)
      })
   }

}
func Logging() Middleware {
   return func(f http.Handler) http.Handler {
      return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
         //log.Println(r.URL.Path)
         // Do middleware things
         start := time.Now()
         defer func() { log.Println(r.URL.Path, time.Since(start)) }()
         f.ServeHTTP(w, r)
      })
   }
}

func main() {
   http.Handle("/", Chain(http.HandlerFunc(Hello), Method("GET"), Logging()))
   http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}

在gin框架下实现中间件

r := gin.Default() 创建带有默认中间件的路由，默认是包含logger和recovery中间件的
r :=gin.new()      创建带有没有中间件的路由

示例

package main

import (
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
   "log"
   "time"
)

func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
   return func(c *gin.Context) {
      t := time.Now()
      // Set example variable
      c.Set("example", "12345")
      // before request
      c.Next()
      // after request
      latency := time.Since(t)
      log.Print(latency) //时间  0s
      // access the status we are sending
      status := c.Writer.Status()
      log.Println(status) //状态 200
   }
}
func main() {
   r := gin.New()
   r.Use(Logger())

   r.GET("/test", func(c *gin.Context) {
      example := c.MustGet("example").(string)

      // it would print: "12345"
      log.Println(example)
   })

   // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
   r.Run(":8080")
}

以上示例也可改为

package main

import (
   "github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
   "log"
   "time"
)

func Logger() gin.HandlerFunc {
   return func(c *gin.Context) {
      t := time.Now()
      // Set example variable
      c.Set("example", "12345")
      // before request
      c.Next()
      // after request
      latency := time.Since(t)
      log.Print(latency) //时间  0s
      // access the status we are sending
      status := c.Writer.Status()
      log.Println(status) //状态 200
   }
}

func main() {
   r := gin.New()
   r.GET("/test", Logger(), func(c *gin.Context) {
      example := c.MustGet("example").(string)
      // it would print: "12345"
      log.Println(example)
   })
   // Listen and serve on 0.0.0.0:8080
   r.Run(":8080")
}

即不用r.use添加中间件，直接将Logger() 写到r.GET 方法的参数里（"/test"之后）。

更多gin中间件示例可参考 https://github.com/gin-gonic/gin

在 Gin 中，接入中间件也非常简单：

router := gin.Default()
router.Use(middleware.RequestMiddleWare())

上面这段代码是在所有的 API 中接入，如果仅仅想在某些 API 上接入，可以使用 Gin 的路由分组：

group := router.Group("/api/v1", middleware.RequestMiddleWare())